An ecological disaster is looming as the country’s mangrove ecosystem comes under intense danger. This is as a result of uncontrolled exploitation, water pollution, and related developments.
Experts have, therefore, warned that if the situation is not checked, the country could plunge into an ecological disaster with devastating consequences, particularly for coastal livelihoods.
They are found in almost all coastal communities and estuaries from Aflao to Axim, with notable areas including Srogboe, Anyanui, Dzita, Tregui, La, Winneba, Apam, Cape Coast, Elmina, Shama, Sekondi/Takoradi, Ellembelle, and Axim.
Harvesting and Selling
Harvesting and selling of mangroves is one of the major occupations of people in areas where they are found.
Mangroves
Mangroves are a group of tropical plants or shrubs that grow in dense thickets or forests along tidal estuaries, with exposed roots that serve as a buffer between marine and terrestrial communities, thereby protecting shorelines from damaging winds, waves, and floods.
With reference to the plant and the ecosystem, mangroves, aside from helping to regenerate fisheries stock, also serve as a source of livelihood for residents of communities where they are present.
Although there are over 80 species of plants globally categorized as mangroves, there are six predominant mangrove species in the country.
However, the red mangrove, scientifically known as Rhizophora, and the black mangrove or Avicennia, are the most common.
Both species have roots that help supply oxygen to the plant in muddy soils.
Mangroves can survive daily flooding and high salinity soils, which is why they are frequently found along coastlines in the tropics.
Study
A study on mangroves conducted by the Marine and Fisheries Sciences Department of the University of Ghana in 2014 found that Ghana’s mangrove cover had reduced from 137 square kilometres (km²) in 2006 to an estimated 72.4 km² as of 2014.
Prior to that, the country had lost about 24 per cent of its mangroves between 1980 and 2006.
The shrinking mangroves, the study found, was one of the major reasons for the depletion of fisheries resources.
Destruction
The Operations Manager for Wetlands at the Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission, Dickson Agyeman, in an interview with the Daily Graphic, said many mangrove areas had been destroyed to make way for residential developments, while others were being harvested at an unsustainable rate for firewood.
He indicated that considering the huge economic and environmental benefits of mangrove trees, it was a criminal act to destroy them for personal gain.
Mr. Agyeman stated: “Mangroves are critical economic trees that must be protected by all stakeholders, including the very people who depend on them directly for their livelihoods.”
He explained that mangroves had many uses, including serving as spawning areas for fish, habitats for some wildlife species, and buffers to prevent flooding, particularly in coastal and low-lying areas, hence the need to protect them from further destruction.
Economic Value
In May 2022, the Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies (IESS) of the University of Ghana, in a study, estimated that mangrove-related economic activities such as fuelwood for fish smoking and Akpeteshie distilling, construction of houses, and harvesting of crabs, fish, and black snails were significant.
It extrapolated the net return per person from fish smoking using mangrove fuelwood to be about $30 per week, while the contribution to roofing a house was estimated at $85.
The total returns from mangrove-related harvesting in the study area came to $340 per hectare per year.
The increase in fisheries as a result of the presence of mangroves was estimated at $165 per hectare.
Based on these figures from the lower Volta, that is the estuary at Ada, the total value for just mangrove-related harvesting and contribution to marine fisheries is over $500 per hectare.
Using an estimated 12,000 hectares (ha) as the area of mangroves in the country, the value of mangroves is well over $6 million per year.
The value estimation does not include all the other ecosystem services that mangroves provide, such as erosion control, trapping of pollutants, and provision of biomass for the food chain, which would be about three times the direct benefit. This brings the annual returns from mangroves to about $20 million.
Medicinal Value
According to the IESS, the roots of the red mangrove are used with palm oil as an ointment for boils, while the extract from its bark is used for fungal infections of the skin, the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery in children, leprosy, and sore throat.
In addition, it said the bark of the black mangrove, in powdered form and mixed with palm oil, is used for the treatment of lice, ringworm, and mange, a skin disease that affects both domestic and wild mammals.
A preparation from the grey mangrove leaves is also used to treat fevers, while its roots can be ground and boiled as a cure for catarrh, and its bark used in the treatment of gonorrhoea.
Latex obtained from the grey mangrove is also applied to cuts to stop bleeding, the IESS indicated.
Pollution
Expatiating on the existential threat to mangroves, Mr. Agyeman explained that due to industrial and human pollution, the mangroves were not growing as expected, since they depend on brackish water (water that is saltier than fresh water, but not as salty as seawater) to grow.
He said, for instance, that many channels that supplied the needed brackish water to mangrove sites had been blocked by some developers, causing the depletion of mangroves in such places.
Environmental Importance
Mr. Agyeman noted that mangroves also help to regulate the climate, explaining that they can absorb carbon five times higher than tropical upland forests.
He appealed to industries and the public to desist from converting mangrove sites into human settlements as well as refraining from unsustainable harvesting of mangroves for firewood and other uses.
Aside from population pressure that leads to over-exploitation by traditional users, other factors that threaten the country’s mangroves include natural disasters, coastal pollution, poor management, urban and industrial development such as salt production, mining, and tourism, as well as hydrological diversions such as the creation of dams.
The Users
A fish processor from Kedzi, Celestine Somi, 62, relies heavily on mangrove firewood to smoke and fry her fish.
For her, mangrove firewood is better for fish smoking than other types of fuelwood, explaining that she travels to all communities with mangroves in the Volta Region to buy the firewood.
She said a bundle of mangrove firewood costs between GH¢5 and GH¢20 depending on the size, adding that many fish processors come to the Anloga area to buy mangrove firewood.
Ms. Somi stated that the continued harvesting of mangroves rather enables them to grow well.
A mangrove wood harvester resident in the Ankobra community in the Ellembelle District in the Western Region, Opanyin Kweku Dua, said the mangroves provided him with a steady livelihood, and he was not happy that their population was dwindling.
His fear is that if nothing is done, the time will soon come when there will not be a single mangrove to cut, despite his many years of experience in mangrove harvesting.
To forestall any such environmental catastrophe, Opanyin Dua and his colleagues, including Paul Nato Codjoe, now nurse mangroves for planting in depleted areas.
“We have seen that the mangrove is a very important economic tree. That is why we are all interested in planting new ones,” Opanyin Dua told the Daily Graphic.
Protection Key
The Project Manager in charge of Coastal Landscapes and Aquatic Systems Dynamics of Hen Mpoano, a non-governmental organisation (NGO) focused on fisheries resources, environmental and coastal management, Daniel Doku Nii Nortey, speaking to the Daily Graphic during a recent media tour of some mangrove sites in the Western Region, organised by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Media Platform for Environmental and Climate Change (MPEG), said:
“If we don’t do anything to protect the mangroves, we may lose the entire ecosystem and the livelihoods of the people who depend on it.”
He said even though the Ankobra area was not under any form of formal conservation, the community members themselves had taken it upon themselves to protect the mangroves and restore the degraded areas with support from Hen Mpoano.
Mr. Nortey said Hen Mpoano was collaborating with the Wildlife Division of the Forestry Commission and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to help community members lead the charge to restore the degraded areas and protect the remaining mangroves.
He said the NGO was using a community-led approach as a tool to protect the remaining mangroves and restore degraded areas.
“We hope that as time goes on, this area (Ankobra) will be designated as a biosphere reserve to protect it from destruction,” he said.
For Mr. Nortey, the Ankobra mangrove area contains some endangered species such as the grey parrot, colobus, and Roloway monkeys, which must be protected.
Source: Graphic Online
